Industrial Automation Magazine India

Decarbonising existing energy infrastructure requires a multifaceted approach

Published on : Friday 16-02-2024

Shrinjoy Bagchi, Deputy General Manager – Protection, Testing and Automation, Tata Power Delhi Distribution Limited.

What is the present global energy mix, and the current pace of transition, given the fact that global energy consumption is still rising?

The present global energy mix is characterised by a diverse range of sources, with fossil fuels, including coal, oil, and natural gas, retaining a significant share. Despite remarkable growth in renewable energy sources like hydropower and nuclear energy, the transition to a low-carbon energy system is an ongoing challenge. Fossil fuels remain abundant and cost-effective, while existing infrastructure is heavily reliant on their utilisation. The journey towards a sustainable energy future faces obstacles, primarily due to the persistent rise in global energy demand. However, the implementation of renewable energy technologies has witnessed substantial advancements, notably in solar and wind power, driven by reduced costs and enhanced efficiency.

The transition is further impeded by the entrenched nature of fossil fuel-dependent systems. Overcoming this inertia requires collaborative efforts from policymakers, industry leaders, and stakeholders. Addressing the intricate interplay of infrastructure, cost considerations, and surging global energy demand is essential for a successful shift to a more sustainable and low-carbon energy paradigm. While challenges persist, the positive trajectory in renewable technology adoption signifies progress toward a cleaner energy future. Balancing this transition with the escalating energy demand necessitates strategic measures to decouple economic growth from increased energy consumption and prioritise energy efficiency initiatives on a global scale.

While hydropower and nuclear energy are traditional renewable power sources, what potential do solar, wind, hydrogen and other renewable sources hold in the decarbonisation process?

Solar, wind, hydrogen, and emerging renewable energy sources, coupled with established contributors like hydropower and nuclear energy, represent a powerful force in the global decarbonisation endeavour. Photovoltaic technology efficiently captures abundant solar energy, offering a scalable and cost-effective solution applicable from rooftop installations to expansive solar farms. Wind energy, harnessed from the kinetic energy of the wind, exhibits scalability and competitiveness, particularly with the advancement of offshore wind farms.

Hydrogen, produced through renewable processes like electrolysis, emerges as a versatile and clean fuel applicable in transportation, industry, and power generation. Complemented by biomass, geothermal, and tidal energy, this diverse portfolio responds to specific environmental conditions. Collectively, these renewable sources significantly contribute to carbon emission reduction, enhance energy security, stimulate job creation, and drive economic prosperity. While hydropower and nuclear energy play critical roles, accelerating the utilisation of solar, wind, hydrogen, and other renewables is paramount to meeting ambitious decarbonisation goals. This approach ensures a sustainable and resilient energy future, addressing both current and future environmental challenges. Embracing a diverse mix of renewable sources offers a robust strategy, acknowledging the intricate dynamics of global energy needs and fostering a transition away from environmentally detrimental traditional energy sources.

What emerging technologies show the most promise for decarbonising energy production and consumption? How can innovation and research be accelerated to advance clean energy technologies?

Emerging technologies stand as promising catalysts for decarbonising energy production and consumption. Notably, advanced energy storage systems, such as advanced batteries and flow batteries, offer solutions to intermittent renewable energy challenges. Green hydrogen production, facilitated by renewable-powered electrolysis, presents a versatile and clean fuel source. Next-generation nuclear technologies promise safer alternatives, while carbon capture, utilisation, and storage (CCUS) technologies are crucial for emissions reduction. Smart grids and energy management systems optimise distribution efficiency, enhancing overall energy sustainability.

Accelerating innovation in these technologies requires concerted efforts. Governments play a pivotal role by providing financial support, favorable policies, and fostering public-private partnerships. International collaboration further amplifies the impact of research initiatives. Streamlining regulations and investing in education and workforce development are essential for nurturing the talent needed for clean energy advancement. A comprehensive approach, creating an environment conducive to research and development, will expedite the deployment of transformative technologies. The urgency of the climate crisis demands a collective commitment to advancing clean energy technologies. By aligning financial support, policies, and collaborative efforts, societies can swiftly transition towards a sustainable, decarbonised energy future. This multidimensional approach ensures the integration of innovative solutions, propelling the world closer to achieving ambitious decarbonisation targets.

What solutions are available for energy storage to address the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources? How can energy distribution systems be optimized to reduce losses and increase efficiency?

To counter the intermittent nature of renewable energy, diverse energy storage solutions have emerged. Lithium-ion batteries, known for their efficiency and scalability, enable the storage of solar and wind energy. Additional methods include pumped hydro storage, flywheel energy storage, compressed air energy storage (CAES), and thermal energy storage, each contributing to storing surplus energy and releasing it during peak demand, ensuring a consistent and reliable energy supply.

Optimising energy distribution systems is crucial for minimising losses and enhancing efficiency. Smart grids, equipped with advanced sensors and communication technology, enable real-time monitoring and effective load balancing. Distributed generation, utilising smaller-scale renewable plants, mitigates transmission losses. Demand response programs incentivise consumers to adjust their usage during peak hours, reducing overall grid load. High voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission decreases losses over long distances, and energy-efficient transformers improve total transmission efficiency. A resilient, efficient, and sustainable energy infrastructure can be achieved by integrating these storage options and optimising distribution systems. Ongoing technological advancements, coupled with supportive policies, will drive this essential transformation forward, ensuring a robust energy ecosystem capable of meeting the demands of a renewable and intermittent energy landscape.

How can existing energy infrastructure be adapted or replaced to support decarbonisation?

To facilitate decarbonisation, the current energy infrastructure must be adapted and replaced. Retrofitting power plants to incorporate renewable energy sources, introducing carbon capture in fossil fuel facilities, and prioritising energy efficiency in houses and enterprises are all part of this. Transitioning to greener fuels and electrifying transport can help to reduce carbon emissions even more. The electrical system must be upgraded to accommodate renewable energy sources and improve overall efficiency.

To achieve this, investments in smart grid technology, energy storage systems, and high voltage direct current HVDC transmission lines are critical for balancing supply and demand, managing intermittency, and minimising transmission losses. Furthermore, promoting linked micro-grids and encouraging flexible demand-side management to improve the overall dependability and efficiency of the energy infrastructure. Strategic investments supported by advantageous laws and regulations are crucial for achieving a modernised, robust, and decarbonised electricity grid capable of seamlessly integrating renewable energy sources.

What investments are needed to upgrade and modernise the electrical grid for better integration of renewable energy sources?

Decarbonising existing energy infrastructure requires a multifaceted approach that involves both adaptation and replacement strategies. Retrofitting power plants to incorporate renewable energy sources, such as solar or wind, is a pivotal step in reducing carbon emissions. Additionally, integrating carbon capture technologies into fossil fuel facilities helps mitigate their environmental impact. Prioritising energy efficiency in residential and commercial structures is crucial. This involves upgrading insulation, implementing energy-efficient appliances, and promoting sustainable building practices. Transitioning to greener fuels and electrifying transportation further contributes to emission reduction.

The electrical system needs a significant overhaul to accommodate renewable energy sources efficiently. Investments in smart grid technology enable real-time monitoring, better load balancing, and integration of decentralised energy generation. Energy storage systems play a crucial role in managing intermittency, while high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission lines minimise losses over long distances. Promoting linked micro-grids enhances energy resilience, allowing for localised energy generation and distribution. Encouraging flexible demand-side management strategies improves overall grid efficiency. Strategic investments, coupled with supportive laws and regulations, are essential for achieving a modernised, resilient, and decarbonised electricity grid capable of seamlessly integrating renewable energy sources. This comprehensive approach ensures a smooth transition towards a sustainable and low-carbon energy future.

What policies and regulations are in place to support the decarbonisation of the energy sector? Are there specific targets and timelines for achieving net-zero emissions?

Global efforts to decarbonise the energy sector are bolstered by a comprehensive array of policies and regulations, with nations worldwide committing to specific targets and timelines. The Paris Agreement, a landmark international accord, stands as a cornerstone in these endeavours, urging countries to submit nationally determined contributions (NDCs) outlining their emissions reduction goals. Many nations have embraced Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS), mandating a percentage of energy generation from renewable sources. Carbon pricing mechanisms, including carbon taxes and cap-and-trade systems, further incentivise emission reductions in specific regions. Notably, several countries, including the European Union, the United Kingdom, and Canada, have made commitments to achieving net-zero emissions, setting mid-century or earlier deadlines and detailing comprehensive transition plans. Energy efficiency standards, embodied in building codes and appliance regulations, play a pivotal role in curbing overall energy consumption.

India made a significant announcement at the 26th session of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP 26) in November 2021, declaring its commitment to achieving net-zero emissions by 2070. This pledge underscores India's acknowledgment of the global imperative to combat climate change and its dedication to transitioning towards a sustainable and low-carbon future. The net-zero target for 2070 reflects India's commitment to balancing greenhouse gas emissions with equivalent removal measures, contributing to global efforts aimed at limiting the rise in temperatures. These collective commitments from nations globally highlight a shared commitment to mitigating climate change, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and transitioning towards more sustainable and low-carbon economies. Monitoring these commitments is essential, as they undergo periodic reviews and adjustments, with success contingent on the effective implementation of comprehensive policies and strategies across diverse sectors in each country.

(The views expressed in interviews are personal, not necessarily of the organisations represented.)

Shrinjoy Bagchi is an accomplished professional with over 17 years of experience in power distribution utilities. He holds a Bachelor of Technology degree in Electrical Engineering and M. Tech in Energy & Environmental Management from IIT Delhi. He has national and international publications in the field of power system protection, automation, IoT.

Currently Mr Bagchi works as the Head of Department (Protection & Automation) at Tata Power Delhi Distribution limited where he oversees the implementation of Digital Grid, Advanced Distribution Management System, Distribution Automation, Smart meter digital integration, large scale IoT deployment in utility landscape, OT Cybersecurity.

His broad range of expertise includes protection & testing, automation, IIoT cybersecurity, network design & operation, specification of distribution system, cable fault location, community energy storage. Mr Bagchi is involved in design and implementing various projects from conceptualisation to commissioning, has been instrumental in their success.